Computer Organization and Architecture

Unit I

Introduction: Functional Units of Digital System and Their Interconnections, Buses, Bus Architecture, Types of Buses and Bus Arbitration, Register, Bus and Memory Transfer, Processor Organization, General Registers Organization, Stack Organization and Addressing Modes.

Unit II

Arithmetic and Logic Unit: Look-Ahead Carry Adders, Multiplication — Signed Operand Multiplication, Booth's Algorithm and Array Multiplier, Division and Logic Operations, Floating Point Arithmetic Operations, ALU Design, IEEE Standard for Floating Point Numbers.

Unit III

Control Unit: Instruction Types, Formats, Instruction Cycles and Sub-Cycles (Fetch and Execute), Micro-Operations, Execution of a Complete Instruction, Program Control, Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), Pipelining, Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control — Microprogram Sequencing, Horizontal and Vertical Microprogramming.

Unit IV

Memory: Basic Concepts and Hierarchy, Semiconductor RAM Memories, 2D & 2.5D Memory Organization, ROM Memories, Cache Memories — Concept, Design Issues, Performance, Address Mapping and Replacement, Auxiliary Memories — Magnetic Disk, Magnetic Tape and Optical Disks, Virtual Memory — Concept and Implementation.

Unit V

Input/Output: Peripheral Devices, I/O Interface, I/O Ports, Interrupts — Interrupt Hardware, Types of Interrupts and Exceptions, Modes of Data Transfer — Programmed I/O, Interrupt-Initiated I/O and Direct Memory Access (DMA), I/O Channels and Processors, Serial Communication — Synchronous & Asynchronous Communication, Standard Communication Interfaces.